SMED (Single-Minute Exchange of Die) splits changeover work into internal tasks (machine must be stopped) and external tasks (can run while the machine is operating). The goal is to convert internal tasks into external ones to reduce downtime.

Line balancing analyzes process times, identifies the bottleneck, and computes balance rate and balance loss. The goal is to bring each process time close to the takt time.

TOC (Theory of Constraints): system output is determined by the bottleneck. After identifying the bottleneck, continuously improve through the four steps: Exploit → Subordinate → Elevate → Repeat.