Expected Failures & MTTF - Online Calculator

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⚡ Electromigration MTTF (Black)

Interconnect electromigration life: three stress factors J·n·Ea → MTTF estimate

Reference point (current density/temperature with known life)

Reference current density J_ref (A/cm²)

Reference temperature (℃)

Reference life h

Target conditions

Target current density J (A/cm²)

Operating temperature (℃)

Activation energy Ea (eV)

Black exponent n

Notes

· Black equation MTTF=A·J^{-n}·exp(Ea/kT); here calibrated against a known reference life to avoid the black-box constant A.

· n typically 2 (mature process) ~ 3 (severe); Ea depends on metal/process (Al 0.5~0.7, Cu 0.7~0.9 eV).

Estimate interconnect lifetime with Black's equation: enter current density, temperature and activation energy for electromigration MTTF.